Preheat a smoker to 250°F. If your smoker uses wood, choose a mild or fruitwood smoke so it complements the venison without overpowering the chipotle glaze.
Warm the olive oil in a small skillet over medium heat. Add the diced onion and cook until softened, about 4 to 5 minutes. Stir in the garlic and cook for 30 seconds, then remove the skillet from the heat and let the mixture cool slightly.
In a large bowl, combine the egg, breadcrumbs, and milk. Add the ground venison, cooled onion and garlic, black beans, corn, cheddar, cumin, chili powder, smoked paprika, salt, and black pepper. Mix gently until just combined. Avoid compressing the mixture, which can make the loaf dense.
Shape the mixture into a compact loaf on a piece of foil or a smoker-safe tray. Leave space around the loaf so smoke can circulate.
Stir together the ketchup, adobo sauce, honey, and apple cider vinegar in a small bowl. Brush about half of the glaze over the top and sides of the meatloaf. Set the remaining glaze aside.
Smoke the meatloaf until the center reaches 160°F on an instant-read thermometer, usually about 2 to 2 1/2 hours depending on the smoker and loaf shape. Brush the remaining glaze over the top during the final 20 minutes.
Remove the meatloaf from the smoker and let it rest for 10 minutes before slicing. This helps the slices hold together around the corn and beans.